Analyse and discuss the extent to which sexual Essays

Analyse and discuss the extent to which sexual Essays Analyse and discuss the extent to which sexual Essay Analyse and discuss the extent to which sexual Essay There are a figure of psychological differences between work forces and adult females that have been documented in the literature. These include the fact that work forces perform better on norm than adult females on undertakings that require motor and spacial accomplishments, while adult females perform better on norm in undertakings that require lingual or verbal accomplishments. This essay will analyze a figure of countries in which differences have been found in the constructions and map of the encephalon, such that differences have been shown between the sexes. In the research on sexual distinction, of import differences have been found in the existent constructions of work forces s and adult females s encephalons. Swaab A ; Hofman ( 1995 ) , in reexamining the function of the hypothalamus in sexual orientation and gender, point out that there are some interesting possible relationships that are opening up in the research. The hypothalamus is thought to be of import in whether a individual feels male or female, their gender individuality, which sex they are attracted to, and it is implicated in sexual behavior. Swaab A ; Hofman ( 1995 ) depict a peculiar portion of the hypothalamus, the sexually dimorphous karyon of the preoptic country ( SDN-POA ) , that has been found to be significantly different in mammalian species. Experiments on rats have shown that the SDN-POA is frequently between three and eight times larger in the male than in the female. When a lesion is applied to rats in the SDN-POA, it changes their sexual behavior. A similar country of the hypothalamus that besides contains an SDN-POA has besides been found in worlds. In work forces it has been found that there are twice every bit many cells in the male hypothalamus than in the female hypothalamus. Other differences have besides been found in the hypothalamus of work forces and adult females in two other cell groups ( INAH2 and INAH3 ) . Swaab A ; Hofman ( 1995 ) explain that from analyzing the growing of these cell groups in worlds it seems that the differences in this country are non seen until after a individual is born, but before they become an grownup. This could be the consequence of the of import function that sex endocrines play either delayed effects from during gestation or as a consequence of coincident hormonal alterations at, for illustration pubescence. The differences discussed so far have concentrated on structural differences between the encephalons of work forces and adult females. These are non the lone differences. There have, nevertheless, been found to be of import differences in how male and female encephalons map. Gur, Mozley, Mozley, Resnick, Karp, Alavi, Arnold A ; Gur ( 1995 ) used antielectron emanation imaging to analyze the metabolic activity in the encephalons of 61 work forces and adult females. When the encephalons of work forces and adult females were compared, no differences were found in any of the non-limbic parts of the encephalon in the occipital, parietal, and frontal countries. There were, nevertheless, differences seen in the termporal-limbic parts: the basal ganglia, the cerebellum and the brain-stem. As parts of the encephalon have been associated with verbal abilities and emotional processing for illustration, Gur et Al. ( 1995 ) pull some probationary illations from the differences that they found. T hey argue that higher comparative metamorphosis in the temporal-limbic system, and, in bend, lower metamorphosis in the buttocks and in-between cingulate convolution could associate to the mean advantage that adult females have in the ability to understand emotions. Gur et Al. ( 1995 ) make indicate out that, overall, the activity in the encephalons of work forces and adult females are, in fact, more similar than they are different. This survey is instead limited in the decisions that can be drawn from it merely because the participants were non asked to transport out any maps and so the encephalon was in a resting province. This means that any peculiar difference in activity, for illustration in verbal map, will non be detected. Besides, the difference that were really found between the sexes are instead little, although statistically important, it is hard to come to any decisions about the sex differences in the human encephalon. Other research workers have examined how specific parts of the encephalon have reacted to different stimulations. Hamann, Herman, Nolan A ; Wallen ( 2004 ) , for illustration, looked at the consequence of ocular sexual stimulation on work forces and adult females, and peculiarly in the amygdaloid nucleus and the hypothalamus. Hamann et Al. ( 2004 ) study that research has shown that work forces by and large have a greater response to ocular sexual stimulations than adult females. Twenty-four immature grownups, half male and half female, participated in this survey which involved functional magnetic resonance imagings scanning while sing ocular stimulation. The ocular stimulations were split into four groups: two that were sexual and two non-sexual. The sexual stimulations were of twosomes engaged in sex and bare images of members of the opposite sex. The non-sexual stimulations were a control of a arrested development cross, and pictures affecting interaction between males and femal es with no sexual overtones. The consequences showed that it was in the hypothalamus and the amygdaloid nucleus that differences were seen between the sexes. In the analysis Hamann et Al. ( 2004 ) compared the consequences obtained when the participants looked at the arrested development cross with those obtained when the participants were looking at the twosome engaged in sexual activity. These were used because they were found to be the most extremely contrasting stimulations. Importantly, these findings of higher activation in work forces were besides found even when adult females reported higher rousing than work forces from the images. Again, when the research workers looked across wide countries of encephalon maps instead than the specific countries of the hypothalamus and the amygdaloid nucleus, they found there was small difference between work forces and adult females. This was in blunt contrast to the differences in degrees of activity already discussed in the specific countries. Hamann et Al. ( 2004 ) discourse the possible mechanisms by which these differences in activation can be explained. Either there could be a difference in the manner that work forces and adult females process these stimulations, or they could be a consequence of different degrees of rousing. In add-on, it could be a combination of these two factors. The former is known as the processing hypothesis and the latter is known as the arousal hypothesis. Hamann et Al. ( 2004 ) argue that their consequences back up the processing hypothesis because work forces still showed higher degrees of activation even when their existent rousing was nt every bit high as the adult females in this survey. The unfavorable judgment of this survey are based around the fact that it there are many physiological and psychological facets of rousing that are non decently understood and the differences seen in encephalon map could be a consequence of these instead than specific gender related processing differences. One illustration of an alternate hypothesis is that the differences observed are the consequence of the different experiences that work forces and adult females have sexually, instead than an unconditioned sexual distinction seen at the structural or functional degree. Still, these sort of consequences tend to back up the thought that there are of import differences in the manner that work forces and adult females really treat some information. These, so, are of import differences in the functional countries of the encephalon instead than merely in the construction. Other lines of research have looked at the neurobiology of eating. Del Parigi, Chen, Gautier, Salbe, Pratley, Ravussin, Reiman A ; Tataranni ( 2002 ) examined 22 work forces and 22 adult females utilizing positron emanation imaging to analyze the neuroanatomy of hungriness and of repletion. Participants were asked to fast for 36 hours before brain-imaging, and so their reaction to repletion was besides examined. The consequences showed, as in the old surveies, that there were many similarities between work forces and adult females. Del Parigi et Al. ( 2002 ) did, nevertheless, happen some important differences between work forces and adult females. They found that the neural activity in the temporal lobes of work forces as a consequence of the fasting was significantly higher than in adult females. In contrast, for the repletion status, in adult females, the neural activity in the occipital lobe was higher. As the occipital country of the encephalon is thought to be to a great exten t involved in ocular processing, the writers posit that the ocular facets of nutrient and feeding might be more of import in adult females. This is a contrasting determination to that discovered in Hamaan et Al. ( 2004 ) although, this is a different country of behavior. Apart from that, the writers found that countries of the encephalon that are more associated with emotional processing were more extremely activated in work forces as a consequence of hungriness. When the participants were later fed with a liquid repast, nevertheless, neocortical countries, those that are more associated with planning and the senses, were more extremely activated in adult females than in work forces. In contrast though to old findings, this survey did non happen any sex differences in the operation of the hypothalamus. The deficiency of these findings was attributed by the writers to jobs with their experimental method. Some farther unfavorable judgments of this survey are addressed by the writers. Beginnings of mistake are to be found in the imagination equipment and in the statistical analysis of the information. The survey does besides stretch some of its findings to suit the hypotheses about the differences between the encephalons of work forces and adult females. The writers discuss, for illustration, the male reaction to hunger being located in the posterior cingulate. Pulling on other research, Del Parigi et Al. ( 2002 ) argue that this country regulates the reaction to aversive stimulations. Hunger, as an aversive stimulation, might trip this country, but merely in work forces. Del Parigi et Al. ( 2002 ) argue that this might stand for an country in which a sex difference can be seen. The job with this thought is that it represents a figure of rational springs from the information they have really obtained in this experiment, and should non be taken as strong grounds. In malice of these restrictions and criticisms the survey does supply the footing for farther research in this country. A general unfavorable judgment of the sort of surveies discussed in this essay is that, while there is an association between differences in encephalon activation or construction, this does non intend that these differences are caused by biological factors or biological differences between work forces and adult females. They could be the consequence of societal factors that affect a individual over life-time and cause alterations in the manner that, on norm, their encephalons are structured and in the manner that they function. This is, possibly, easier to reason for functional factors, instead than structural factors, but nevertheless it is an of import counter-argument. In decision, the research reviewed here shows that there are definite discernible differences in both the construction and map of male and female human encephalons. These differences have been found in countries such as the hypothalamus. Sexual behavior, amongst other factors, have been implicated as the consequence of these differences. Apart from structural differences, there are besides of import differences in functional countries. Early research has shown some overall prejudices in metabolic map that may associate to some psychological sex differences, such as those found in linguistic communication and spacial abilities. More recent research has found differences in the manner that the amygdaloid nucleus and hypothalamus respond to ocular sexual stimulation in work forces and adult females. In add-on, farther research has found some limited connexions between fasting, repletion and little functional differences in the encephalon. Overall, these surveies show some sexual distinc tion between the encephalons of work forces and adult females, although the differences are normally elusive and easy outweighed by the similarities. It should be noted that much of this research is still at an early phase, as is much of the research into encephalon map, and so the consequences are needfully inconclusive.Mentions Del Parigi, A. , Chen, K. , Gautier, J. F. , Salbe, A. D. , Pratley, R. E. , Ravussin, E. , Reiman, E. M. , Tataranni, P. A. ( 2002 ) Gender differences in the human brain’s response to hungriness and repletion.American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 75 ( 6 ) , 1007-1022. Gur, R. C. , Mozley, L. H. Mozley, P. D. Resnick, S. M. Karp, J. S. Alavi, A. , Arnold, S. E. Gur, R. E. ( 1995 ) Sexual activity differences in regional intellectual glucose metamorphosis during a resting province,Science, 267 ( 5197 ) , 528-31 Hamann, S. , Herman, R. A, Nolan, C. L. , Wallen, K. ( 2004 ) Work force and adult females differ in amygdala response to ocular sexual stimulation.Nature Neuroscience, 7 ( 4 ) , 411-6. Swaab, D. F. , Hofman, M. A. ( 1995 ) Sexual distinction of the human hypothalamus in relation to gender and sexual orientation,Tendencies in Neuroscience, 18, 264–270.

The Oil Product Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Oil Product - Research Paper Example This research paper focuses on a topic of oil and it's impact on history and modern economy. The benefits of oil as a valuable product cannot be ignored. The potentials of oil to transform the economies of countries that are oil-exporters are made clear in the case of Middle East. Since the discovery of oil, the economies of the region’s countries have been highly transformed, as a result of the high volume of funds retrieved through the oil export. A key fact revealed through the literature reviewed in this research paper is the following one: oil production could not support the economic growth of all Middle East countries since not all of these countries have oil reserves. It has been also made clear that the contribution of oil in the development of economies of countries of Middle East that are oil-exporters has not been equal; in each case, the ability of local political powers to manage the production and the export processes has affected the level of benefits of oil fo r the country involved. This essay analyzes the level at which oil production in Middle East countries can support the growth of local economies is differentiated, being influenced by various political and economic interests. In this context, the researcher suggests that the value of oil as a product cannot be standardized even in countries that have been involved in the oil production process for many decades, such as the countries of the Middle East region that were used as example in this research paper.

Napolean and Stonewall Jackson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Napolean and Stonewall Jackson - Essay Example Napoleon’s Influence on War Strategies Until Napoleon, the act of war was there were either the state rulers or the trusted warriors who were regarded as responsible of the entire affair. However, Napoleon and Fredrick II had introduced a new concept of ‘warrior-king’ who can apply diplomatic as well as military power for his own aims â€Å"†¦and thus could more directly tailor military actions to strategic aims--and more thoroughly conclude peace following decisive military events†2. The warfare was in evolution even in the age of Napoleon. He had cleverly noticed the problems of sustenance and movement of armies in the battlefield and he took advantage of it. He had increased the mobility of the armies and had applied his creative tactics in the art of warfare, especially in the quick formation of army combinations. His creativity and insight into the affairs of War tactics had won him great victories. Critics believe that Napoleon’s victory l ies mainly to his ability in synthesizing and exploiting the developments made by others. He did not rely on personal novelties; rather he tried to gain concepts from the war tactics applied by others. This approach ended the earlier â€Å"force employment, as opposed to weapons technology or logistical means†3. â€Å"Napoleon was about action; he did not share Jomini’s focus on principles†.4 To him, war was what is done in the battlefield, not in books. Though napoleon had not proposed a definite theory of War as his main concern was application of tactics, Jomini and Clausewitz have interpreted his actions and strategic aims to lay a basis for modern art and science of war. They had studied the operational circumstances and strategies applied by napoleon and they had added the active factors in the theory and art of war operations: pivotal points, main focus, climax, etc. Operational Arts â€Å"Operational arts† is a modern concept that deals with the c onception and execution of military operations through the direction of military forces for particular strategic intentions. The whole operation involves the combining of the forces and allocating of the assets to planned units. Thus, it forms a bridge between strategy and tactics by building an association between the aims of war and the actual fight in it, and seeks to attain a level between these. Napoleonic Impact on Operational Arts Many critics believe that the origin of the concept of operational arts lie back to eighteenth century with the theorists belonging to â€Å"the Soviet inter-war†. However until recently, this term referred to only a combination of activities performed in the battlefield, such as: defining the routes of attack, scavenging and stocking, and barriers along with the growth of overall mans, unceasing processes athwart manifold battles of war, and the distribution of power among dogmatic and armed leaders. Later, Napoleonic wars as well as the ind ustrial revolution developed them into a true set of operations. Napoleonic wars introduced large groups of inspired men-of-war while the other had provided with the sources for army’

Domestic Violence And Its Effects Essay Example for Free

Domestic Violence And Its Effects Essay Domestic Violence And Its Effects Introduction            This essay the main women characters in ‘Trifles’ by Susan Glaspell and ‘Sweat’ by Zora Neale Thurston to explore domestic violence. The two plays form an ideal pair which explores domestic violence and its effects in the society. The essay considers how this issue is dramatized differently by Glaspell and Zora. By examining the two novels together, in the limelight of domestic violence and its impacts, the essayist will better discern, in relief, of the two plays achieve success and continues to fascinate the readers. Both novelists explore the relation between the legal narrative, official and illegitimate, suppressed stories, in which the females and the male’s version of conflict ascend over one another and the fate of women, determine their trials. In Trifles, the law is bent and the context of the women replaces the context of men in the court.            Domestic violence or emotional abuse is a behaviour used by one spouse to take control of the other. Forms of domestic abuse include sexual abuse, emotional, physical and economical, and can range from coercive, subtle forms of misuse to brutal physical abuse that may result to death or .disfigurement. Domestic violence affects those involved together with their substantial families, co-workers, friends and community at large. This crime affects children brought up in such families seriously. It subjects them to numerous physical and social problems. This creates a significant chance of increasing the risks of such children becoming the society’s next victims and abusers. The Trifle and the Sweat will give us a great opportunity of exploring some forms of domestic violence and their effects to the victims.            Susan Glaspell and Zora Neale Hurston lived during the early 1900s (Wagner-Martin, pp. 33). During this period, the role of the women in the society was being submissive to men as well as taking care of the domestic duties and responsibilities. This took place in all rural areas. Women hardly worked in order to support their families financially (Lupton, pp. 46). Their principal duties were to take care of children and attend other household duties. As a result, females were placed in the second class status where they were not considered as intelligent as men and were subjected to abuse. The two plays capture the struggles faced by women during this time. Males regard women in the plays with all the formulaic trappings in the setting of the rural American. Nevertheless, Glaspell and Hurston show women rarely fit the stereotype and should never be underestimated at all.            The society during this time had great influence on the way people lived, and could either liberate or oppress based on their standards of living. The society believed in the male superiority and women were oppressed and discontented with their lives. The women in the ‘Sweat’ and the ‘Trifles’ are alienated from their spouses as a result of traditional beliefs that dictate that women should be submissive, the males should dominate marriages, and the need of possessions to facilitate a happy marriage (Lupton, pp. 48).            The Sweat tells the story of a hero Delia Jones, who washes clothes for the whites in Florida town. She used to use the money she got to support her family (Hurston, pp.77). Nevertheless, Delia is married to an unkind man, Sykes. He is abusive to Delia, both physically and mentally. He has an affair with another lady and he uses the money earned by Delia to comfort his mistress. One day, he brings a rattle snake to his house in order to abuse Delia. Ironically, the snake kills him. As the play ends up the author makes the reader under that Delia does no effort to save the life of her abusive husband as he lay dying of bites inflicted by the snake.            Married women are unequally treated. They are required to do all domestic works and be submissive to their spouses. They are required to do things in order to please their husbands. Delia is abused by Sykes who physically beats her from time to time. As a result, domestic violence washes out the love between them. This is evident from the passive response of Delia when her husband suffers from the pains inflicted into his body by the rattle snake which he had brought into the house to abuse Delia. The narrator makes the theme clear by the reaction of Delia. Where there is abuse in marriage, suppressed parties will always want to revenge to the evil did by their husbands. Delia reacts with less concern about the pain her husband is going through as a way of revenging the abuse she has been going through the married life.            Domestic violence causes unfair treatment to the passive party. In the very beginning of the story, the writer makes the reader witness how women are used to attending all domestic chores. At this time, there were no employment opportunities for women more so the blacks. Nevertheless, Sykes is very unsympathetic to the needs of Delia who works for very little money in the laundry. He refuses to work and leaves his wife with all financial responsibilities. When Sykes tries to beat his wife, she says, Looka heah, Sykes, you done gone too far. Ah, been married to you fur fifteen years and Ah been takin in washing for fifteen years. Sweat sweat, sweat! Work and sweat, cry and sweat, pray and sweat! (Hurston, pp.89). This clearly shows that in families dominated by domestic families, the life is so unfulfilling to the spouse affected and there is no love for each other.            Marriages dominated by violence are subject to threats to each other. Sykes keeps on beating his wife and repeatedly uses threats such as â€Å"Don’t give me no lip neither, else Ah’ll throw em out and put ma fist upside yo head to boot. (Hurston, pp. 91). Ironically, the society knows what happening between the two spouses but they believe that what happens in marriages is too personal to question.            Domestic violence leads to unfaithfulness and hatred in marriages. The novel reveals that Sykes carries publicly affairs with another woman. To make the matters worse, he uses the hardly earned money by his wife to comfort the mistress. Sykes keeps on telling Delia that she is too thin and that his other partner is fatter, just to make Delia inferior to his mistress. One day as Delia comes from work she sees the two in a general store. Sykes publicly embarrasses her and says he has no problem with spending her wife’s hard earned money with his mistress. That very night she confronts her husband and the two confess hatred to one another. The author makes the reader understand that domestic violence is accompanied by hatred and misuse of one another. In the end, Delia revenges back in order to get the inner peace. When Delia is hiding in the hangar from the rattlesnake, Hurston writes, â€Å"A period of introspection, a space of retrospection, and then a mixt ure of both. Out of this an unpleasant calm. (Hurston, pp. 78) Possibly this is all Delia will ever find to pacify her soul.            Domestic violence is characterised by conflicts as seen in the case of Sykes and her wife. The conflict between the two starts when Delia brings her work in the house. Sykes is angered when he comes home and finds his wife sorting the cloths of her bosses. He verbally abuses her and tells her that he does not want the laundry in their home. He also attacks his wife on religious conviction. He wants her to respect the Sabbath day and keep it holy by not working. Delia tells him that her work caters for their home and wins them their daily bread. As a result, the author makes the reader understand that domestic violence makes parties not appreciate the roles of their spouses. They are always at the blame of each other and the marriage is dominated by criticism as evident in the marriage between Delia and Sykes.            Domestic violence leads to murderous deeds in marriages. As a result of the hatred, adulterous behaviours and abuse of one another the feeling of killing the abusive party enters into the other party. For instance, as Trifles opens, Henderson asks Mr. Hale to explain to him what happened. Mr. Hales responds by narrating a series of events which led to his discovery on murder, more so his conversation with Mrs. Wright, whom he found in the kitchenette with the body of his husband laying carelessly. He says, I was surprised; she did not ask me to come up to the stove, or to set down, but just sat there, not even looking at me, so I said, I want to see John. And then she-laughed (Glaspell, pp.37). The narrator makes it clear that Mrs. Wright never minds about the death of her husband as laughed at him when he demanded to see her husband. Glaspell presents Mrs. Wright as a woman who had no feminine hysteria behaviour.            Domestic violence leads to neglect of the spouses: Neglect can be said to be ignorance, or lack of giving proper attention to one another. Neglect is a major form of domestic abuse faced by many females today’s society. This form of abuse is rarely reported to the concerned authorities as women make mere excuses in regard to those behaviours. Mrs. Wright of Trifle though she is a fiction character suffers the neglect as many women of today. Before the marriage, she was known for her pretty dress which she used to attend to choir with. This personality depicted the confidence and respect she had for herself. After marriage, her life makes significant changes. She had no children and used to stay alone in the house that she occupied together with her husband. She used to stay at home alone for many hours attending family duties.            Domestic violence leads to suppression of the spouses: Where violence exists there is always suppression of another. This argument is supported by the two novels. In trifles, Mr. Wright suppresses and dominates his wife. The suppression makes her be unable to take part in society as she wished to. John Wring does not mind about how her wife thought or wished. The same suppression and the indifferences between the two can be seen as the possible drive for accusations made against Mrs. Wright for murdering her husband while in his sleep. References Ben-Zvi, Linda. ‘Murder, she wrote’: The genesis of Susan Glaspell’s Trifles. Theatre Journal 44.2 (1992): 141-162. Glaspell, Susan. Trifles. Plays by Susan Glaspell. (1991). Hilton, Leon. Trifles, by Susan Glaspell. Women Performance: a journal of feminist theory 21.1 (2011): 147-149. Hurston, Zora Neale. Sweat. Rutgers University Press, 1997.Lupton, Mary Jane. Zora Neale Hurston and the Survival of the Female. The Southern Literary Journal (1982): 45-54. Wagner-Martin, Linda, and Cathy N. Davidson, Eds. The Oxford book of womens writing in the United States. Oxford University Press, 1999. Source document

Behavior: Nature vs. Nurture Essay -- genetics vs environment

For centuries psychologists have argued over which plays the larger role in child development, heredity or environment. One of the first theories was proposed in the seventeenth century by the British philosopher John Locke. Locke believed that a child was born with an empty mind, tabula rasa (meaning "blank slate") and that everything the child learns comes from experience, nothing is established beforehand. Years later, Charles Darwin brought forth his theory of evolution, which led to a return of the hereditarian viewpoint. With the twentieth century, however, came the rise of behaviorism. Behaviorists, like John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner, argued that a child can be made into any kind of person, regardless of their heredity. Today, most psychologists agree that both nature (genes) and nurture (environment) play an important role, not independently, but as they interact together (Atkinson, p. 72). One of the most important factors believed to influence a child are parents. Parents are known to share a distinctive bond with their children. This special bond is what enables parents to shape their children. Whether it is into free-willed adolescents, ready to challenge any controversy, or into caring adults willing to spend the seventy cents a day to save a poverty stricken child. Parents have the power to mold their children. Setting firm, yet sensible, guidelines teaches children discipline and good behavior. Using physical abuse produces aggressive children, but having patience and understanding leaves a child better capable to handle stress in later years. How parents raise their children influences how they will turn out (Begley, p. 53). Surprisingly, a new debate is taking place. As the author of The Nurture Assumpt... ...sweek, (September 7, 1998). p. 52-59. Edwards, Randall. "Divorce Need Not Harm Children." in Child Welfare: Opposing Viewpoints. Bender, David and Leone, Bruno, Series Editors. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1998. Kevles, Behhyann H. and Daniel J. "Scapegoat Biology." Discover, (October 1997). p. 58-62. Pinker, Steven. "Against Nature." Discover, (October 1997). p. 92-95. Pool, Robert. "Portrait of a Gene Guy." Discover, (October 1997). p. 51-55. Rosenblatt, Roger. "A Game of Catch," Time, Vol. 152 (July 13, 1998). p. 90. Sapolsky, Robert. "A Gene For Nothing," Discover, (October 1997). p. 40-46. Waldman, Steven. "Divorce Harms Children." in Child Welfare: Opposing Viewpoints. Bender, David and Leone, Bruno, Series Editors. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1998. Wright, Karen. "Babies, Bonds, and Brains." Discover, (October 1997). p. 74-78.

How French Has Influenced Old English

How French Has Influenced  English William the Conqueror won the Battle of Hastings in 1066 and for the next three centuries, all the kings of England spoke French. During the Norman occupation, about 10,000 French words were adopted into English, some three-fourths of which are still in use today. This French vocabulary is found in every domain, from government and law to art and literature.Robert of Gloucester (Robert Fitzroy, 1st Earl of Gloucester (before 1100 – 31 October 1147) was an illegitimate son of King Henry I of England) wrote in his chronicle: â€Å"Vor bote a man conne frenss me hel? of him lute†, meaning â€Å"Unless a man know French, one counts of him little†, hence French became the language of a superior social class. French dialects influenced English also. Today we have chase, guardian, guarantee and regard from Central French (or Francien), side by side with catch, warden, warrant and reward from Norman French.The present-day vocabulary o f English is approximately half Germanic (English and Scandinavian) and half Romance (French and Latin). The two types are strangely blended. Whereas some titles of nobility prince, peer, duke, duchess, marquis, marchioness, viscount, viscountess and baron are French, the names of the highest rulers, King and Queen, are English. There is still used R. S. V. P. (Repondez s`il vous plait) printed on invitation cards or Messrs (for Messieurs) in everyday correspondence.Parliament, meaning `speaking, conference`, is French, but Speaker, the title of the First Commoner, is English. Town, hall, house and home are English, but city, village, palace, mansion, residence and domicile are French. French, too, are chamber and apartment, whereas room and bower are English; justice, just, judge, jury and juridical are all French, as well as court, assize, prison, bill, act, council, tax, custom, mayor, chattel, money and rent, which all came into the language before the close of the thirteenth ce ntury.The names of the live animals: ox, swine and calf are English, whereas those of the cooked meats beef, pork and veal are French. The superiority of French cooking is demonstrated by culinary terms as: boil, broil, fry, grill, roast, souse and toast. Breakfast is English, but dinner and supper are French. Hunt is English, but chase, quarry, scent and track are French. Names of the older crafts are English: baker, fisherman, miller, saddler, builder, shepherd, shoemaker, wainwright, weaver and webber.Those of more elegant occupations are French: carpenter, draper, joiner, mason and tailor. The names of the commoner parts of the human body are English, but face and voice are French. Generally the English words are stronger, more physical and more human. We feel more at ease after getting a hearty welcome than after being granted a cordial reception. We can compare as well freedom with liberty, friendship with amity, kingship with royalty, holiness with sanctity, happiness with fe licity, depth with profundity, and love with charity.

Writing, Listening, And Listening - 999 Words

Writing, along with reading, speaking, and listening are intricate and constructive processes that require the synchronization of complex cognitive skills. At the core, writing is a process of communicating purposeful thoughts and ideas in a variety of forms for a multitude of purposes. Writing provides learners with tools for discovering, for shaping meaning, and for reaching understanding through written expression. In reflecting on my experiences as an educator and studies in literacy pedagogies, learning to write is a tool for thinking. Writing and literacy development are authentic and purposeful processes. Writing requires an intrinsic motivation and instruction should be organized in such a way that students not only learn to write but understand the importance of being able to communicate in written form both in and out of the academic setting. It is vital for educators to allow for opportunities for students to make connections and identify writing as a vital part of their life. Why do we teach students to use written language to express their thoughts and opinions? Why do we teach students to use written language to inform or to explain to a specific audience. Why do we teach students to persuade or to creatively express their thinking? We use these forms of writing to teach students that written communication is power. In a students formative years of education, written expression provides the power to learn, the power to communicate, the power to respond,Show MoreRelatedImportance Of Writing, Speaking And Listening On International Business Communication948 Words   |  4 PagesImportance Of Writing, Speaking And Listening In International Business Communication Communication is one of the basic thing in life. People may buy product and using services with communication. In the business world, communication become more and more important. It is the essence of organisation to lead forward among its competitor. According to Mary Ellen Guffey by good communication in organisation one may be able to work successfully in all team environments especially if members do not meetRead MoreSyllabus1484 Words   |  6 Pages64 hours divided into 4 hours per week. The total of weeks will be 16. Week 1 Unit 1: Hospital Environment I Topics | * Introduction to the ESP course. * Introducing yourself and other people. | Language Skills and Knowledge | Listening: Listening about how people get to know each other.Speaking: Introducing Yourself amp; other People.Reading: Different types of introducing people.Writing: Complete an application with your information. Grammar: Verb to be with. Yes or no questions andRead MoreEAT1/2 Task 1 602.8-.3 Essay1217 Words   |  5 Pageslanguage has advanced to include listening, speaking, reading, writing, viewing and visual representation. These components are known as the six language arts and while they are individual components they are as well interdependent. What you learn about one affects what and how you learn about the others. Listening is the foundation for speaking, reading and writing. Listening is how we interpret sounds that we hear and what those sounds mean. In the beginning listening is merely receptive. Our brainRead MoreThe Impact Of Hearing English For High School Students The Skills Of Radio Programs1747 Words   |  7 Pagesprograms. This research helps develop listening and ways of developing them in person and listen to the correct pronunciation of the word from a real person by listening to radio programs in skills. Listening is a focus on basic language skills, And to develop good listening skills in order to cope with the academic requirements of the school and learn adequate reading and writing skills. It can show better concentration and memory when working to develop good listening skills, It is a skill most prominentRead MoreThe Importance of Listening Skills in the Workplace Essay1115 Words   |  5 PagesAssessment Task: Given that listening accounts for 45 per cent of time spent on communication (Eunson 2012:310), argue the importance of listening skills in the workplace. Your analysis should identify three specific listening behaviors and provide examples to demonstrate how these skills promote communication and understanding. Support your analysis with relevant communication theory and evidence from appropriate academic sources. Listening skills play a significant role in evaluatingRead MoreLanguage Arts Development Essay1695 Words   |  7 Pagesmany different aspects of learning. There are many theories that suggest the different ways that children learn, but in the end there are six key concepts that each child must master in order to be fully proficient. These are reading, writing, speaking, listening, viewing, and visually representing. These concepts build upon each other and work together to ensure that the child will have a strong educational foundation. Reading begins early in childhood and usually begins with a child learningRead MoreStrategies For Teaching Writing As A Group1634 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of group’s discussion Throughout week eight which was looking at strategies for teaching writing as a group, we presented a well-rounded daily task to the discussion board, awaiting students in our learning group to respond. It s these responses that will guide this section of the folio and my own personal reflection regarding my role in the group. From day one of our posts students has responded well. One post that was submitted by Skinner (2017) has supported my own views of literacy;Read MoreRoles And Impact Of Of Academic Listening Skills1290 Words   |  6 PagesThe roles and impacts of Academic listening skills on EAL international students in New Zealand Colleges and Universities (B) The continuous increase in the number of international students mostly from non-native English speaking countries such as China, Iran, Malaysia and India, travelling to study in New Zealand is alarming. There is a growing concern on which components of academic language skills English as an additional language (EAL) international students will require for studies, as the mediumRead MoreTalent vs Skill1090 Words   |  5 Pagesteaching covers four macro-skills needed for communicating – listening, speaking, reading and writing. Good language teachers plan lessons, and sequences of lessons, which include a mixture of all the macro-skills, rather than focusing on developing only one macro-skill at a time.    Oral skills Literacy skills Receptive skills Listening Reading Productive skills Speaking Writing Listening and speaking are oral skills. Reading and writing are literacy skills. Each week teachers should include someRead MoreListening : Listening Across Different Departments Essay1702 Words   |  7 PagesListening Across Different Departments My decision to mindfully listen to two economics classes and one communication class was an attempt to see how different the conversations and thinking were between the two disciplines. My original assumption was that the economics students were going to act more logocentric than the communication students, as we are taught to think critically in communication classes. After listening, I noticed that the professor of the economics class showed signs of logocentrism